East and West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East and West - Essay ExampleIt is then that Jesus named Simon his heading disciple, giving him the name Peter meaning rock. At the point of the naming, Jesus blessed Simon and do his promise of building an everlasting and Holy Church upon the rock that was Simon Peter. Upon the death of Jesus Christ, Simon Peter became the of import priest and head of the other disciples to spearhead the apostolic era spread of the Gospel. It then happened that Simon Peter became the offset printing person among the disciples to establish the very first church building in capital of Italy (Dowley 195). As believed by some(prenominal) Catholics, the murder of Peter took place in capital of Italy, where he also served as the head of Christians in the surface area and across the world. Guettee notes that many Christian believers and particularly Catholics believe that the Roman bishop received Peters mantlepiece to lead the Christian flock across the world. Catholics also believe that before Pe ter died, he entrusted the bishop of Rome with the responsibilities of building and caring for established Church. With the existing belief and honor granted to the bishop of Rome as the attraction and head of largest section of the Christian Church, and as an attribute to Peter, Adrian I declared himself as the Pope, a bm matured by Nicholas I and upheld further by King Gregory VII. Episcopacy is a form of government arrangement developed to rule the church (Dowley 196.). The rise of episcopacy in Christianity in the early Church attaches to the presbyter. Presbyter was a priest and overseer in the various churches and believed to develop from the Apostles of Jesus Christ during the spread of the Gospel. Papandrea explains that the concurrent growth and emergence in population of Christians facilitated the formation of higher position of bishop of Rome, also considered as father bearing the coarse responsibility of exercising ensure of the Catholics in Rome and beyond (23). A s the churches grew with characterization of multitude of followers, it became unwaveringly for the bishop to manage the churches single handedly, thus, the need to develop some other positions and offices to help manage the churches. The newly organize positions comprised the priests who were still presbyters and deacons, all of whom had the responsibilities of serving various divisions of Christians. Both the priest and the deacons were answerable to the bishop. It is worth noting that the deacons were assistants of the priests and, therefore, every church or congregation had the two dignitaries. Bishop of Rome enjoyed exclusive rights to appoint, dismiss the priests and deacons, approve church members and even baptise church members. Bishop of Rome also exercised absolute control over the finances of the various churches under his control and sett conduct disputes among the church members. The Bishop of Rome also headed other bishops serving in other cities and countries. The entire clay was what entailed the episcopacy. The bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope, played various functions, center of which was the unification of the Christian religion (Dowley 200). Bishop of Rome mediated between Christians upon emergence of any conflicts and differences. For instance, Leo the Great met with the barbarians of Hun in 452 and the barbarians of Vandal in 455 to negotiate the modalities of restoring pink of my John in Rome through withdrawal of the threats posed by the barbarians. Pope Gregory 1 also led negotiation with the Lombard barbarians in 592 to ensure withdrawal of the

Luis Angel Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital Essay

Luis saint Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital - Essay ExampleOn August 15, 2003, when Dr. Nunez observed the plaintiff speaking to a patient in a room in Spanish and had an argument with him, he wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith.The hospital prefers hiring bilingual English/Spanish-speakers for the Mental Health Workers as the patients in the Psychiatric Unit include approximately 30% monolingual Spanish-speaking and 50% who are bilingual. The defendant was frequently asked to translate to Spanish speaking patients who were not having the ability to communicate in English. Defendants allegations that his nursing supervisors had used ethnic slurs and had engaged in conduct denigrating him because of his origin was unprofessional as comfortably as mocking patients with limited English proficiency. On August 15, 2003, Dr. Nunez observed the defendant speaking to a patient in Spanish in the patients room. He had an argument with the plaintiff who wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith.The plaintiff occasionally talked in Spanish to his swearing workers, but it is not in the patients presence. He did this in the presence of the patients, for instance, when talking to the clerk in an office, outside from the patients and with the security guard. Perez suffered from his choice of speaking Spanish to the patients and workers who he did not cause harm to as he risked his job.The first amendment guarantees several(prenominal)s freedom of expressing themselves freely and guarantees citizens the right to assemble peaceably. Perez communication to his fellow Spanish counterparts in the medical examination facility was his right, as it never happened in the presence of a patient. A Title VII of the cultured Rights Act of 1964 states that an employee cannot be segregated. The employees should not be classified in a manner that deprives any individual of employment opportunities beca use of an individuals race, color and or other

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Supply chain management - Essay ExampleThe make is used in rating the sustainable practices of retail stores and super markets. Reports shows that food sold in UK is do to travel for 65% more(prenominal) than the distance travelled in the last two decades. Since imports are cheaper and more bountiful when brought in from third world countries, local nearby farms are being forced verboten of business (Stancu, 2006). A critical reading of Stancu (2006) shows that the supermarket can become more environmentally friendly if it unquestionable the system of procuring as many items as possible from nearby farms. By sourcing from nearby farms, a serving of degree centigrade emission is avoided in the form of fuel consumption, packaging, pollution from vehicles, wastage on the road, etc. It is an accepted detail that organisation can do more to save the environment by buying local products than anything else. Items such(prenominal) as fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products and oth er such items can be procured locally. It may not be possible to procure all items from local markets. However, efforts can be taken to procure then from the identical district or even from within the country. Not only will the supermarket help to reduce the carbon emission but it will also take concrete steps to achieve corporate cordial responsibility. This is the best way to achieve sustainability. References Stancu, C., 2006. Food Miles the international debate and implications for New Zealand exporters.

Early childhood learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Early babyishness learning - Essay ExampleCognitive Development helps children in improving in areas such as music, art, mathematics, logical reasoning, recognition of symbols and manipulative skills. These types of areas improve the mental capabilities of children and help them in learning more though different forms.At very early age, children must be taught how to behave socially. Developing social and person-to-person aspects includes learning through self-concept, temperament, aggression, stereotypes and different stages of social behaviour. Every person has to encounter with different situations and different battalion in life, therefore early maturation in these areas help children to deal with such people and situations with a comfortable position.Physical Development is as important as any other area because without comely health and hygiene children would not be able to concentrate and give best of efforts. Physical development can be attained by incorporating healthi er food, sports and restful sleep in childrens everyday routine.Generally, there is very less attention paid to this area which is the most important of all. If a child is taught to spend a substantial time in grooming and enhancing the spiritual areas than there is a happening that it will become a major part and something of considerable importance to him. Spiritual grooming is internal as it is necessary to detach integrity from the worldly things and to give some time to the nourishment of ones inner

A regression analysis study on the relationship between oil price Dissertation

A regression analysis think over on the relationship amongst oil price volatility and UK oil and shove along companies returns - Dissertation ExampleThe findings of the regression analysis similarly support the evidence of oil prices volatility having no impact upon the returns gene investd by the oil and gas welkin of UK. Strong but negative relationship between oil and gas sector returns and various former(a) factors such as benchmark equity index i.e. FTSE100, exchange rate movements and short term engagement rates are found in the study consistent with some previous other look for findings as well. VARIABLE CHOICE Under previous studies of El-Sharif (2005) and Sardosky (2001), there are few uncertains taken into good will to check the returns generated by oil and gas sector companies of UK. In study of El-Sharif (2005), this impact is studied through with(predicate) using four variables which are returns generated from oil prices volatility, returns generated by UK equi ty index, returns generated by foreign exchange rate movements, and lastly returns generated from short-term interest rate. Under the current study, one additional variable has been added in the boilers suit model of the study i.e. returns generated from Natural Gas Prices Volatility. ... This variable is considered in this study as the chief variable influencing the oil and gas sector companies returns. Returns generated from Gas Prices Volatility Gas prices, is the second factor which has the influences upon the returns of the oil and gas sector companies returns besides oil prices volatility. Returns generated by Equity Index of UK This variable is taken into consideration to study the overall influence of the equity market of UK upon oil and gas sector. Returns generated by Foreign Exchange respect Movement Since UK is one of the largest oil producers in the European Union, therefore, it also exports oil and allied products to other nations as well. With such exports, the oil and gas sector of UK is highly impacted by the foreign currency movements as a result this factor is also studied under this look into. Returns generated by Short-term Interest regularise Short-term interest rate is included in the model because it provides the alternative investment horizon to the investors. It is fictive that variability in the short-term interest rates can direct the decisions of investors. 3.6 Research Methodology (Edited) This research follows the literature that uses the international APT model. Previous studies facilitated their empirical analysis to relate impacts of global factors on logical argument returns (see Jorion, 1990 Khoo, 1994 Faff and Chan, 1998 Faff and Brailsford, 1999 Sadorsky, 2001 Sadorsky and Henriques, 2001). The two-factor version of the model used in most prior related studies is derived from the multi-factor model shown below Ri,t = ? i ?+ ?kFk,t +? ?i,t (1) where Ri,t is the stock markets excess return

Build A Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Build A Team - Essay ExampleFrom the air jacket Coast Transit group member profiles, the following members have been selected to be helping of the A police squad that entrust undertake the above mentioned project Natalie, Elizabeth, Katelyn, Bob, Susan and William. In brief, these six members have good qualities that potbelly positively yield in great team up performance. Essentially, collaboration and coordination are basic tenets of teamwork in an organization (Schultz, 2007). In brief, Natalie is positive and has great communication skills Elizabeth enjoys the collaborative aspect of the job and has a positive attitude Katelyns mindset suits teamwork Bobs attitude is positive and he is a team player Susans attitude is positive and she is an excellent team player and William is also positive and believes that he is a team player. When combined, the qualities of the selected six members are likely to contribute towards the formation of a strong and formidable team that can co llaboratively work together to produce positive results for the organization.The other people have not been selected to become part of the A team as a result of their negative attitude. For instance, Ian is arrogant and he does not postulate to back down from his ideas. Doug is a bit of a temper and he is easily frustrated and is viewed as abrasive by his workmates. On the other hand, Michael is overconfident and at time battles with depression though he collaborates with others when the need arises. It can be observed that the qualities of the members left out of the A team are not consistent with the spirit and letter of teamwork. The attitudes of these members can impact negatively on the overall performance of the team since they can lead to conflicts.As indicated above, the A team is formed for a specific purpose. Given the versatile factors that may influence the behavior of your team members, the job characteristic model and goal setting will be

Response Paper on August Wilson's Gem of the Ocean Essay

Response Paper on August Wilsons Gem of the Ocean - Essay ExampleGem of the ocean is a play create verbally by eminent American playwright August Wilson. The p roundabout of the play is set in the class 1904 and the main characters are Aunt Tyler, Citizen Barlow, Solly two kings, Black Mary, Caesar Eli and Selig. Aunt Tyler is the central character of the play and is a former slave who is now a soul cleanser. cue I African American recital & Gem of the Ocean The end of the nineteenth century saw a radical transformation and the blacks got more than rights as compared to the previous decades. African Americans experienced huge mental trauma especially during post slaveh obsoleteing era and the US laws were less significant in reducing the effect on the African Americans. dismantle though there had been a number of US legislations, yet Slavery seemed to be an inborn spokesperson of the African American. There were no more options available to an African American other than being all forced into Slavery or becoming the servant of whites. The blacks completely resisted Slavery and hard-boiled it to be the close to dreadful act that a person could face in his life. Evidence backing Point Citizen Barlows dialogue in the book in page number 59 which states that making the people owe is worse than slavery and Sollys dialogues of Aint .ground Citizen Barlow states that slavery is better than making the people owe to you but Solly emphasizes that Slavery is the most dreadful crime committed on a human. Evidence Supporting Point The blacks had separate sleeping places and could not become an eminent part in the society and were treated differently. Black Marys dialogue He probably goes down under the Brady Street tide over to sleep. They got a whole bunch of people sleeping down there. In page 10 in the book, there is a clear indication of how badly the Africans were treated. Black Mary refers to the African Americans, who are commonly assigned separate sleep ing places and in this play they usually sleep under the Brady Street Bridge. Prompt II Aunt Ester One of the most interesting things about the play is the characters. When I read it, the offset printing thing that strikes me is the age of the main character Aunt Ester, who holds 285 years of experience with her. I think that the source did this to talk effectively about the background of the African American when they were slaves of the white people. Aunt Esther used to be a troubled soul but her years of experiences turned her into a wise person. She holds on to the memories of the completed history of the Africans in America, People say you crazy to remember. But I aint scared to remember. I try to remember out loud. I keep my memories alive. I generate them. I got to feed them otherwise theyd eat me up. I got memories go way back. Im carrying them for a lot of folk (Walseth par. 1). The age of Aunt Esther may be unreal for many readers but I olfactory sensation that it is very effective to make others remember about the slavery days and how the Africans were treated in those days. It overly illustrates the fact that they have come from a long line of abuse and hardships which continues till the 1904s. Aunt Esther represents the old traditions while Black Mary, her successor represents the forward thinking African American. She likes to do things her own way, Its been collar years now. I cant do nothing to satisfy you. I may as well lay down somewhere and forget about it

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Mitigation Strategies and Solutions - Essay ExampleTodays research proves that the Earths honest surface temperature has risen by about 1F in 20th century. Meteorologists have pixilated logics and facts that the Earths warming is highly associated to human activities as it has been increasing since the onset of industrial renewing in 1950. Human beings have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere by producing green ingleside gases mainly deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These argon heat-trapping gases. In the Earths atmosphere, greenhouse gases are those that first absorb solar radiation and then release it to the atmosphere within the thermal infrared range. This process is called the green house effect which is the fundamental cause of global warming. The well known greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere that play a major role in global warming are hundred dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, water vapor, and ozone. Hydro-fluorocarbons , per-fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are some other very dominant greenhouse gases that are the aftermaths of variety of industrialized processes. Major human actions such as use of fossil petroleum, automobiles, emerging industrial and urban areas, electric power plants and clearing of land are primarily responsible for the increased submerging of carbon dioxide whereas deforestation is the basic cause of enhanced concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The perspective of cooling system influences and facts about global warming have proved a very high confidence train of 90% that the globally net effect of warming is due to human activities since 1750 (IPCC, Third Assessment Report, 2007). The component of these gases to the greenhouse effect is given in the following table.Some of scientists which are not in volume disagree about the association of increased greenhouse gases to the human activities. They claim that the global warming is the result o f natural

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong Case Study - 1

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial supply range of a function solicitude , hong kong style and interview with victor fung - Case Study ExampleSeveral changes have been through since its establishment in a bid to conform to the recent demands in the supply chain management field.Globalization has brought about increased interactions among countries in different continents. As much(prenominal) there has been increased center on eliminating some of the most recurrent challenges faced during conduction of international business such as language barrier. Organizations conducting international businesses have invested deeply in overcoming language barriers among other challenges leading to elimination of intermediaries such as interpreters. During the first years of its establishment, Li Fung ripped heavily from interpretation due to the ability of its founder to announce English. However, such a role in the modern day is seemingly irrelevant hence the lack to come up with other strate gies to gain competitive advantage. For instance, Li Fung came shifted focus to production of full products from the perfect region rather than a single product from one place. This increased relevance of the company in the supply chain since an organization could rely on Li Fung to get all necessary materials indispensable at one point. This implies that organizations need to constantly come up with strategies corresponding to market changes in golf club to prevent elimination.However, production techniques changed once again hence Li Fung was now charged with the responsibility of managing the stainless production process for its clients to come with a finished product. However, changes in economic status in Hong Kong triggered hitherto another shift to employment of dispersed production. This shows that market status is heavily dependent on the frugality among other external factors. The changes evident in the life span of Li Fung are a dismiss indicator of the many change s requiring attention taking effect in the supply chain management sector. This implies that

Global citizenship is an idea whose time has finally come Discuss Essay

Global citizenship is an idea whose meter has finally come Discuss - Essay ExampleIt alike aims at studying the underlying assumptions and political orientation behind the two judgments supported by evidences. The Idea of Global Citizenship In recent times the idea of globular citizenship in its various forms is fast gaining momentum all around the globe. It is inspiring youngsters to grow into international citizens it requires them to be morally responsible, intellectually competent and culturally perceptive to diverse cultures. The trend for global citizenship started with mixer movements like eradication of p overty, labor rights, environmental protection etc. These organizations claim that they work for the welf atomic number 18 of human race by ensuring affable justice and democratic accountability in the world economy. These organizations claim the global citizenship and therefrom welfare for the humanity (Giddens, 2010). Global corporations also are working for the propagation of creation of global citizenship by projecting socially responsible public image through their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. The judgment of global citizenship has also seeped into the kind of human capital. The graduates of prestigious universities not only study but also work in global organizations different from their country of origin and have contacts literally all over the world. Such human capital also claims to be global citizens. Global citizenship is not a bracing phenomenon but it dates back to ancient Greece history. It is reflected in the fact that the word Cosmopolitan is a composite of Greek words for order, universe and citizen. In fact the idea of global citizenship is older than the concept of nationalism. This concept of global citizenship can be attributed to the growing public awareness about the global interdependence. However opponents of this theory which constitutes the intellectuals and political agents discard it as an impractical theory. They claim the concept of global citizenship is not possible in the absence of international or global governing bodies and global governments. The proponents of national government find global citizenship especially weak in the realm of politics, political science and legal issues where nationalism plays a rattling role (Schattle, 2008). On the wake of global platform for digital communication and the interdependency of world the concept of global citizenship may flourish in other ways in educational institutions, global corporations and social organizations for humanity etc. Globalization and Citizenship Globalization and migration is seen as major threat or challenge to identity, belonging, humanist laws and human rights. As the world is becoming more global and open, the need for the protection of citizenship is growing. The major threats to citizenship are political threats, immigration or international migration and mobility, the growing trend of intol erance and religious fundamentalism and the endangered environmental and social security. There is a trend of restructuring of welfare system to match the changes in demographics. The

My business planning and presentation experience Essay

My business planning and presentation flummox - Essay ExampleAimed at working women aged between early 20s to late 40s, the retentivenesss would carry the house decorator outfits of altogether leading designer labels. As a sole proprietorship firm with a thorough Capital deployment of 350,000 of which I would contribute 100,000 and rest would be loaned from the bank. Expected the breakeven by the end of the first yr Closet expects positive cash flows by the second year onwards. Over 35% of the capital is to be deployed in marketing and promotional activities I be in possession of the long term of objective of having a conglomeration ofThe basic idea of Designer Fashion Retail Showroom is acceptable as viable proposition. Because, the train for designer clothes is always there and the store could primary(prenominal)tain its identity as a store that offers a good selection, reasonable prices, a convenient location would attract and keep customers. However, on hindsight it wo uld have been better to go for a larger single store instead of opening three keen stores at three different locations all of a sudden.4. My work experience as a gross revenue person in the Gucci Outlet gave a lot of practical knowledge on how a sell showroom works, how it regards like, how the customers should be treated, what are the things that customers look for etc. which gave me a lot of confidence.3. My presentation could have been a lot better. ... My work experience as a sales person in the Gucci Outlet gave a lot of practical knowledge on how a retail showroom works, how it looks like, how the customers should be treated, what are the things that customers look for etc. which gave me a lot of confidence.The Weaknesses As realized while making the plan1. Accounting is non one of my strong subjects and that reflected badly on the financial planning of the project. there were several grey areas in the plan that ought to have been taken care of.2. Staffing I paid very li ttle attention to the piece Resource Planning and could not provide a clear picture on how personnel would be recruited, paid and maintained.3. My presentation could have been a lot better. I did not do my homework on certain aspects such as the financial viability of the project. Especially when asked why the bank would give me a loan for such a big amount I was caught on the wrong foot. Also, I could have include a little bit of meaningful humour in the presentation. The flaws in the project as reviewed1. The main problem was that three showrooms were planned within the first month of operation. It was a very flawed idea. There was simply no way that I could have managed all three stores. Moreover, this would eat into our resources so more(prenominal) that it was almost like spreading myself too thin. Instead, what would have been a brighter idea to invest in a single, larger, better store. More space means more places for comfort, more places to display the merchandise, more p laces to keep the stock, more frontages to attract more walk-in customers. And this would also mean that I could be around to meet all my customers and offer my services to them rather than having to run around to all the three stores trying to supervise every(prenominal) little

The Social Security Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Social Security Act - Research reputation ExampleThe Social Security Act was first released on August 14, 1935. Since then, there have been a number of adaptions made to the Act to ensure that every provided with every necessity. E.g., originally this act just provided necessities for employees who worked in the nonagricultural and commerce sectors. Now, however, almost all kinds of works are covered by this program.The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) is considered to be every Ameri wads social right regardless of their financial need. In 1995, social gage comprised of around one-fifth of the federal government expenses. The funding is done through payroll tax which is dual-lane equally among the boss and the worker. These benefits are also adjusted as the living costs rise. To introduce the benefits of social insurance, the individual must have made a contribution through payroll taxes when employed. Persons who gift in this manner for at least ten year s may be ensured that they will unceasingly be provided for by the government. The number and kind of benefits an individual receives depends on the amount of money that he acquire and at what age he retired.The government provides aid for the disabled as comfortably. These are adults aged between the years of 18 and 64 who are not fit enough to have a well earning job. Disability is defined as inability to engage in any substantial gainful exercise by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death.

History Of Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Of maths - Essay ExampleFermat, Descartes and Mersenne were all friends who shared mathematical ideologies. Descartes and Mersenne were both educated at the Jesuit College of La Flche. For this reason, they shared many ideals. Mersennes greatest contribution to philosophy was taken to be his passionate justification of Descartes. Mersenne was Descartes agent in Paris and even visited him severally while he was in exile in Holland (Bernstein, 1996). Mersenne founded a private academy where a large number of renowned mathematicians in France shared their research. Mersenne employ the academy as a forum to spread the ideas of Descartes who was in Netherlands. Mersenne helped in the publication and dissemination of Descartes converse method in 1637. He was also in-charge of soliciting the disputes that arose from Rene Descartes Meditations. For this reason, they corresponded very well (Koyre, 1992).Mersenne also corresponded with Fermat because he promulgated his ideas and n egociate disputes arising from his works. For Descartes, Fermat and Mersenne, mathematics was their passion. Fermat was known to be a busy lawyer who really loved math as a hobby (Bernstein, 1996). Since math was just a hobby to him, he did not want his contributions to be published. The one thing that was published was done so anonymously. His international reputation as a mathematician was as a result of his link with Mersenne. Along with Descartes, Fermat was taken as one of the fathers of analytical geometry (Koyre, 1992). Descartes, Fermat and Mersenne are coupled by their contributions to mathematics and their corresponding

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing research - Essay congressmanIn effect, the extinctcome was in grab positioning of the go bad and the failure to ensure proper latch-on during breastfeeding. Hence, this contributed to vexation in babies and nonpluss, which eventually led to inappropriate breastfeeding tendencies in mothers. In addition, it is crucial to point extinct that research studies pointed out that some mothers stopped breastfeeding their babies even before attaining the mandatory six months age. In effect, this program is essential in ensuring that the mothers breastfed their babies even after they attained the mandatory six months. Based on the foregoing, the outcomes of this program are victorian latch-on technique for mothers who are breastfeeding their babies Effective positioning of the baby during breastfeeding in order to ensure that the mother and the youngster did not suffer from any discomfort Breastfeeding for a period not less than six months in order to ensure the breastfeeding t endencies were appropriate Outcome amounts and Target Description of the Target Effective Latch-on Outcome Measure The nurses in the facility did not know the appropriate latch-on technique. On the other hand, the health do facility ordain ensure that mothers developed the appropriate latch-on techniques during the process of breastfeeding. ... Base demarcation Data During the implementation stage of this program, 2 out of 10 nurses did not know the right approaches to latch-on babies during breastfeeding. Hence, the facility aims to contact 100% effective latch-on technique among nurses in order to ensure a successful implementation. In the implementation stage, 15% of mothers who attended prenatal care were aware of the efficient latch-on technique. Hence, the program seeks to ensure that there was a 100% awareness of the effective latch-on technique used during breastfeeding. On the other hand, only 40% of antenatal mothers knew of the effective latch-on technique. In effect, the facility seeks to achieve 100% knowledge of the effective technique. Description of the Target Effective Positioning Outcome Measure The appropriate outcome measure in this case is effective position of the mother and the child during breastfeeding. In line with this, it is important to point out that only 50% of the nurses are aware of the effective position of the baby during breastfeeding. Hence, all nurses should be aware of the appropriate position in order for them to transfer the same to the mothers. pregnant mothers should devise the appropriate posture and position during breastfeeding in order to ensure that there was no discomfort on the baby and the mother. Baseline Data Fifty-percent of the nurses should gain the skills and knowledge required for slouch positioning of the mother during breastfeeding. More than 70% of the mothers attending prenatal care thought that breastfeeding did not require any correct or appropriate position. Thirty two percent of afterbirth mothers did not use the right position during breastfeeding and

McDonald's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonalds - Essay ExampleHe played role for the deuce brothers of purchasing the chain of their partys production and his efforts oversaw the companys global growth. The company is shortly the largest producer of fast foods in United States and u can find its products in approximately ampere-second and twenty countries (Mieth 2007, p. 95).The executive organizational departments of McDonalds are as follows the top leaders of the company are chief executive officer and chairperson, and COO (Chief Operating Officer). Under these leaders, there several departments, which are wiped out(p) into marketing, corporation affairs, human imagerys, regional managers, national operations, information technology, finance, and strategic planning (Kincheloe 2002, p. 45). There are in like manner other functional departments in the company, which include franchising, customer services, hygiene, security, property and construction, safety, restaurant services, and supply chain. The company has a multi-department organizational structure the CEO is the leader of the company with board of directors. The companys board of directors consists of xiii members, with whom eleven are directors. The CEO is the head of the company and manages the other departments in the company, which include operations, finance, franchising, and human resource departments.McDonalds serves in the restaurant sector industry and its name is famous in the world. The main products of the company are fries, burgers, as well as soft drinks. The company also offers chicken, desserts, milkshakes, French fries, cheeseburgers, and breakfast foods (Kincheloe 2002, p. 48). In addition, due to the expanding needs of McDonalds customers, the management has also decide to expand its menu including other items such as fish, smoothies, wraps, fruits,/ and salads. Most customers prefer the company using some big names such as Quarter Pounder, Big Mac, Egg Mc Muffin, Filet

Landscape Architecture in Palo Alto City Essay Example for Free

ornament Architecture in Palo low City EssayPalo Alto City, a city cognise because of some(prenominal) famous landmarks and buildings, is located in Santa Clara County, in California of United States. The named of the city was derived from a name of a tall oak tree at the banks of the San Franciscquito Creek bordering Menlo Park called El Palo Alto. The geographic characteristic of the city is at the northern end of the Silicon Valley. The city is overly situated near the Stanford University and is known as home of many huge companies in the high-technology industry like Hewlett-Packard. (Bowling, 2007) History of Palo Alto The history of Palo Alto city was traced back in 1979 Gaspar de Portola make an Ohlone settlement in the said city. To commemorate what happened in this place, a plaque was made in order to remember the histiroy for Palo Alto City. The plaque was located at Middlefield route and Webster Street, (Bowling, 2007) landscape Architecture Landscape architectu re is the art of planning, designing, developing, managing and rehabilitating a land for a specified purpose.Landscape architecture is a profession that is combination of different inter disciplinary field like mathematics, geography, engineering, art, horticulture, fond science, politics, history and philosophy. The duties of a landscape architecture can range from different roles like designing of a museum, parks, site planning for commercial buildings, as well as residential lands, and development and maintenance of spirit lands like forest. Arastradero Preserve thither be many famous buildings and landmarks located in the city. Some of the celebrated landmarks located in Palo Alto are the Arastradero Preserve.Arastradero Preserve, which is officially known as Enid W. Pearson- Arastradero Open Space Preserve, is a nature preserve which serves as parking lot of the city. The landscape architects designed the Arastradero Preserve so that battalion can have a biking, hiking an d horseback riding session. The preserve is a combination of savanna grassland and broadleaf evergreen forest that is suitable for a nature preserve location. This made also the preserve to be a habitat for many wildlife species like bobcats, deer and diverse birds. (City, 2001)genus Arizona Cactus Garden Another popular landmark in Palo Alto is the Arizona Cactus Garden located in the Stanford University. Arizona Cactus Garden is a botanical garden specializing in the production of different cacti and succulents. The Arizona Cactus Garden is open for public visit. The Arizona Cactus Garden was designed by Rudolph Ulrich, a landscape architect, for Jane and Leland Stanford. The garden was open in public on 1883. The design of the garden was planned to be near at the residence of the Stanford family as well at the Stanford estate.The garden was designed in such a way it is divided in to two parts, the east and Western Hemisphere. The Eastern Hemisphere part contains aloes, jade pl ants and other succulents from Europe, Asia and Africa while the Eastern Hemisphere contains cacti that are native in America. The garden was designed and made as public landmarks were people can perspective different varieties of cactus and succulents. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford University One of the most famous landmarks located in Palo Alto is the Leland Stanford Junior University or only when Stanford University. It is a private university that is situated at the center of Silicon Valley.It was in 1891 the university was established under the superintendence of the governor of California, Leland Stanford together with his wife Jane Stanford. The name was derived from their only son, Leland Stanford Jr. who died at his teenage years. The university was firstly known as The Farm because it is situated at eh Leland Stanfords horse farm and offers courses for both male and female students. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford makes sure that the university allow be of good quality that is wh y he consulted first some account psyche that may give a big help in the construction of the campus.Some of these person were Francis Amasa Walker, president of another university which is specialize in the filed of engineering, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and second is Frederick truth Olmsted which is a famous landscape architect. The main role of Olmsted is on the general plans and belief for the proposed university. These are the constructions of the buildings and the removal of hillside sites that will favor for more practical flatlands. Another landscape architect that helps in the design of the campus is Charles Allerton Coolidge.Coolidge used the concept Richardsonian Romanesque air that was derived from his teacher, Henry Hobson Richardson. The said style is has the properties of rectangular stone buildings that are joined by arcades of semi-circle arches. There was also another design that was incorporated at Stanford University, the Mission Revival. The Mission Revival is a Spanish-colonial style and is characterized as red cover roofs and solid sandstone masonry that hold a discrete Californian appearance. The red tile roof has a good combination to bright blue skies making it famous to the people of the city.(Bowling, 2007) The major(ip) open space is formed by an on-structure, two-level plaza. It is layered with followar arrays of granite and quartzite aligned to echo the San Andreas Fault line below, and subtly forms gathering areas of various sizes for outdoor class cortege. The get and more private courtyard provides light to the environ laboratories and offices, and exposes a dry riverbed that continues the north/south fault line, while expressing the character of a lower stratum and accommodating gathering places for students, faculty and researchers.(Bowling, 2007) The Stanford University is a huge campus were almost basic building that is demand in a university is made. There are different buildings for different dep artment of the campus. There are also dormitories and student housing were the students can reside. Stanford University botanical garden Stanford University Arboretum, which is located at Stanford University, was also designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. First, the land where the arboretum is located was planted by live oak trees. Olmsted designed the arboretum so that the public is free to visit the park.The orientation of the trees to be planted was a factor that was considered by Olmsted as well as the spacing of the trees. Olmsted sees to it that the arboretum will serve as a public park. Jane Stanford finds the arboretum essential to the people of Palo Alto and once said to the people of the city (Bowling, 2007) In this enlarged Arboretum it is desired that there shall be exhibited to advantage all the trees and wood plants of the world that may be judge to grow to mature natural forms under the climatic and other conditions of the locality. Byxbee ParkByxbee Park, which was d esigned by dickhead Richards and Michael Oppenheimer, shows of the sites unique form and characteristics. Is shows the inspiration of landfill, slough, marsh, wind, and sky. The park does not allow buildings to be made inside the park making it a very natural in purpose. The intertwined elements of the park make the park a very sensitive environmental landmark. Cantor midway for Visual humanities The Cantor Center for Visual Arts, which is located in Stanford University, is another landmark in Palo Alto. The Cantor Center for Visual Arts is a museum that contains about 24 galleries, terraces, and sculpture gardens.The museum was established when the university was established in 1891 as a commemoration park for their late son. Hewlett Packard Courtyard The Hewlett Packard Courtyard was designed to show the aesthetic value of nature. Hewlett Packard Courtyard is a huge company specializing in the production of computing machine hardware and the likes like printers. Hedges, desig ner of the courtyard, design the rooms of the employers of the company in such a way that they can view the outside environment. The terminal wires of the computer being utilized allow the programmers to work outside the rooms.Three-dimensional landforms ripple out from the round cafeteria addition, creating a romantic play against the beaux-arts structure of the courtyard, and dividing the space to create more intimate areas. (Bowling, 2007) Conclusion The role of a landscape architect is very important when buildings and landmarks are being constructed. Because the aesthetic value of the proposed building is their product. It mustiness be taken in to account the proper way of designing, planning as well as developing the building. It is in the hands of a landscape architect the success of the building because this will gleam the popularity of the building.

High school student drop out Essay Example for Free

High crop inform-age child cast eat up reveal(p) EssayThe progressively proud rate of rail bemuse step up is worrying all the s take popholders in the pedagogics sector including p argonnts, t from each oneers and the political sympathies. This is because these people ar aw be of the challenges that provide baptistery educatees who drop come on of school. Although leading cave in called on communities, families and schools to make efforts to ensure that students remain at school, the rate at which the students drop out of school is still gamey. It is therefrom important that we analyze the problem with a view of makeing it better, so that we may know how to resolve it once and for all. see moreresearch paper about tardinessThe occur of students who complete school in the US has been steadily declining over the years. In fact, over the last decades, this jut has only increased in seven states. In ten states, the percentage of students who did not comple te school was 8% or higher, which reflects a disturbing trend. US is currently ranked tenth among the countries in the globe which watch the highest school completion rates. When a country that is considered to be the superpower is ranked tenth on school completion rates, this shows that there is a study be problem.Factors that contri hardlye to the high school student drop out rate. Family cohesion and background. This is one of the major reasons why students drop out of school. Students who distinguish from families where there is violence, abusive homes or poor parental relations have higher chances of drop out of school, compared to those who come from stable homes. This is due to the fact that such(prenominal) children are more likely to have stress and mental picture because of the problems that they have. They are in like manner likely to start abusing drugs at an early age, which may contribute to their dropping out of school.Statistics also show that children who c ome from single parent families are also more likely to drop out of school than those who have both parents. This situation is linked to low self esteem as well as problems that children who come from single parent families award. Early pregnancy. Early pregnancy is a major challenge for tender girls, and is a contributor to their dropping out of school. This situation is heighten by situations where the newfangled girls families are not financially stable, or encases where the boy responsible for the pregnancy is either unwilling or unable to support the girl.Many young girls who face this situation usually take breaks to give birth, but fail to return to school due to various reasons. The girls who are not financially well off are forced to drop out of school to take care of their children, while opposites fear exit back to school due to stigmatization. School violence. This is a factor that is increasingly contributing to the dropping out of school by students. School viol ence has increased in the recent past, and takes various forms.It might take the form of serious security breaches that relate use of sulfurous weapons, like was witnessed in the 1999 Columbine high school massacre (Rosenberg 2008). It may also take the form of bullying and harassment of students by co-worker classmates. Both these forms of violence have the potential to create fear to actual victims, and may discourage them from attendance school. In these cases, there is genuine fear for their lives and they may drop out of school. booking. Poverty or frequent unemployment of members of the family may make students drop out of school.This is because the students may be forced to work in align to support their family. In these cases, the students may not have adequate time to study due to the responsibilities that they have. Employment opportunities may not only be available to the students who are not well off financially. whatever students come from financially stable fam ilies but look for employment opportunities so that they might save money. These students are also likely to drop out of school since it is difficult to work and study at the alike(p) time. Psychological or personal characteristics.There are certain characteristics that students may possess, which may make them drop out of school at an early age. These may be either physical or mental characteristics. Psychological characteristics may include low self esteem, mental illnesses, depression and stress, among other problems. In case students have these problems and they are either not addressed early enough, or these students lack learning facilities that agree their unique consumes, they are highly likely to drop out of school. According to Kenneth (35-39), students may also face physical disabilities that hinder the learning process. much(prenominal) include blindness, deafness or other physical disabilities. If such students also lack facilities that can handle their necessarily , they are also likely to drop out of school. vegetable marrow abuse. According to David and Wayne (4-8), students who engage in substance abuse have genuinely high chances of dropping out of school. Students who abuse alcohol or other hard drugs such as cannabis, heroin, cocaine or other drugs are likely to drop out of school. This is due to the disciplinary problems that they are likely to face in school as well as the fact that such drugs hinder the learning capabilities.Such students are unlikely to perform well in school, and this has the effect of demotivating them. They are also more likely to face stress and depression, and all these factors work to increase their chances of dropping out of school. Perceived loss of respect of school diplomas. The modern blood line environment has become very competitive, and this is attributed to globalization. Success in the modern world is increasingly based on merit and job performance. Employers are nowadays looking for very high academician qualification when recruiting employees.In this regards, high school diplomas are generally perceived to have lost value, and students need to pursue further education so that they might get employment opportunities in this competitive business environment. Some students therefore opt to drop out of school and pursue other interests due to this perception. Such interests include drama, movies, modeling or the music industry. However, what most students are not aware of is that one has to have basic education in order to be successful in these fields. High school education acts as a platform for pursuing further education and building a career. Limited shape of counselors.Statistics point to the fact that the average number of students who are served by a single counselor is 500. In high school, the average number of students served by a single counselor is 285. These counsellors have many tasks to come across and have very little time to interact with students. Accordi ng to Jill (311-317), students who are about to drop out of school may therefore not maintain someone to talk to and get advice regarding the situation. This is also compounded by the fact that most of these students have poor relations with their parents, since teenagers and parents usually have communication problems.Students therefore opt to drop out of school due to lack of advice on the consequences of making this finish. Solutions to these problems. Counseling. Most students may reverse their decision to drop out of school if they are advised on the consequences of making this decision by someone that they trust. In most of these cases, counselors are the best people to advice the students since there are young counsellors who understand the problems that these students go through. The government should ensure that there are enough counselors to serve all students.sometimes students may be depressed and they only need someone to share their problems with. When they are unabl e to find someone, they take drastic steps like dropping out of schools. Counselors will advise students that education is very important for success in life. Safety. The government and all education stakeholders should also ensure that the school environment is safe for all people. There should be adequate controls that prevent and deal with security breaches, either involving deadly weapons or bullying. Some problems like bullying may appear to be petty and they are unheeded in most academic institutions.However they are serious problems that should not be ignored, since they have high psychological impacts on the victims. When students can feel safe in the school environment, they will look in the lead to going to school to learn. After all, these students spend most of their time in schools, and once they feel that they are unsecured, they are likely to drop out of school. Family problems. According to Gail (211-216), it is evident that family problems is a major factor that contributes to dropping out of school. It is a very sensitive issue considering that there is a limitation to which strangers may involve themselves in family matters.It is however imperative that problems such as violence and abuse are reported to the authorities, and these will be addressed through the relevant laws. These problems cannot be condoned, since once students are not comfortable in their own homes, it will be difficult for them to concentrate in class and learn. Other family issues such as parental and child conflict should be addressed through dialog, either between the school establishment and the individual families, or through counseling by qualified professionals. This dialog will enable the underlying problems to be identified and solve, so that the children may stay in school.Early pregnancy. This problem is best solved by preventing the issue, rather than addressing it after it has occurred. The young people should be told about the consequences of early sex, especially unsafe sex. These students should be made to understand that in addition to the risk of pregnancy, there is also a risk of contracting STIs such as HIV/AIDS. However, one a girl becomes pregnant, she should be allowed to stay in school until the time to give birth, after which she is given a break. She should resume school after fine-looking birth, as this is very important.Counselors and parents should play a crucial role in guiding girls who are undergoing this experience. The government should also set up funds to help girls who are pregnant and do not have the resources to take care of the baby, and go back to school. Facilities for the handicapped. The government has a crucial role of ensuring that there are learning facilities that will take care of the needs of students who face either physical or mental disabilities. There should also be enough teachers who have been trained on how to take care of the needs of these students.This will ensure that these students learn just like their peers, and that they have equal opportunities in life. Value of diplomas. The stakeholders in the educational sector have a crucial role to play in publicizing the value of the high school diplomas. There should be regular talks between these stakeholders and the students regarding the issue. Students should be made to understand that although the modern world has become very competitive, it is imperative that they obtain at least the high school diploma.The reason is that the diploma acts as a platform in acquiring further employment opportunities and get together a profession. Employment. The government should enforce the laws that bar the employment of young people who are below the profound age. It should also hold regular forums with employers regarding employment of young people with a view of regulating the hours that they work. The employers should also be made to insist that young employees pursue education, since this will be the platform for promot ions and advancement in the careers.This will enable that the young people who work have enough time to study. Conclusion and recommendation. The stakeholders in the education sector should join hands in ensuring the the drop out rate drastically reduces, and that each child knows the value of education. The solutions to the problems that have been discussed above should be implemented, so that this objective may be achieved. preceding(prenominal) all, students should be made to understand that the high school diploma is a platform for opportunities in life.

Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita EssayWilly Russels 1985 play Educating Rita is a story of a womens struggle escape her repetitive boring working class life and move into a wider, educated world. Russel uses extensions, settings and many techniques to effectively explore this potentially nasty topic in an raise and visualisetain room. Into the world is a potentially difficult topic in that it involves mortal, life-changing events that may become hard for the hearing to relate to or understand. Russel avoids these problems by challenging stereotypes and melodrama by using characters in an interesting way. The play is a two-hander which means that single two characters atomic number 18 speaking in the play. By having only these two characters, it keeps the audition engaged and they become more(prenominal) familiar with the characters and weed relate to them easier, good-natured the interview. Other characters are mentioned, hardly are never seen in the actual play. The outside world i s only seen through Franks and Ritas eyes, which interests the audience into learning the characters struggles and experiences. Russel uses actually good stage settings to make the play more interesting.The whole play universe set in one room, Franks office, is not very common in theatres or plays. Having this shocks the audience and instantly becomes more interesting because of its difference. On a symbolic level, the furniture is very interesting. The creaky door represents a Franks barrier, and isolation from the outside world. The window, although transparent, represents a weaker barrier he has with his students. However, Rita finds her way in showing her determination from Franks lost spirit.This struggle of becoming a more educated person becomes interesting for the audience as they can compare it their own struggles Since the play has only two characters involved, the audience becomes very close to these characters, which makes it more interesting and entertaining. Rita is a working class person who has a strong desire to learn everything. Her character is very entertaining because of how real and believable her character is. Her passion and very out there personality drives her into pushing frank to teach her.This is seen when she oils the door, making it easier for her to enter into Franks office, or in a symbolic sense, remove and barriers. Humour is seen very much throughout the play. Rita, universe very outspoken, says what is on her mind and speaks the truth about what she thinks. Coming from a lower class accordingly Frank, her understanding of certain things adds humour to the play, making it entertaining for the audience. This type of humour is displayed in the opening place setting Is it supposed to be erotic This was the pornography of its day, wasnt it? when Rita is referring to a religious nude painting. Although being very outspoken, Frank realises her truthfulness and laughs. It is entertaining for the audience for someone from the working class to say their opinions on a religious artwork without taking into any consideration of what it readiness represent or what value it might be worth. Humour is also seen through Frank to make this play more entertaining. Frank, being a grumpy old instructor, is sick of his boring life. He constantly hides his whisky behind books , Dickens which can symbolise his shame.Frank uses a lot of sarcasm which makes this play more entertaining for the audience Yes, thats it, just pop off and put your head in the oven. Another aspect of this play which makes it interesting is that fact that the characters challenge stereotypes. Russel has portrayed Frank as a smart, sophisticated teacher who would not do much wrong. However, he hides alcohol behind high-level education books. By challenging a stereotype like this, it keeps the audience on their toes in wondering what he will do next.Characters of his knowledge are stereotypically portrayed as happily married, however he is not. This is seen by him constantly going to the pub and alcohol addiction throughout the play. The plot of Educating Rita is a potentially difficult topic to make interesting and entertaining to the reader. The boilersuit plot is Rita learning as much as she can from a grumpy old teacher who isnt happy with his life, but thinks that Rita is a fresh breath into his office. This story is very interesting because it makes a potentially difficult topic into a comedy, which makes it entertaining.Ritas accent fits very well with the plot of a lower class person trying to achieve a better education, but is very grotesque to see in a theatre play. However, because of the accent, the audience becomes interested in the difference. Another aspect that Russel focuses on is avoiding melodrama. In many plays and shows seen today, the drama in the story is blown up and over exaggerated. However, in educating Rita it is completely opposite. This is seen when Rita and Denny fight. Frank says Lets lea ve it for tonight.Lets go to the pub and drink pots of Guinness and talk. Rita thus replies with Ive got to do this Frank. Ive got to. Her strong passion motivates and interests the audience because they may have faced similar struggles. Although Into the World is a very difficult topic to achieve, Russel has managed to make it both interesting and entertaining. Two-hander plays are difficult to capture personal changes however through plot, characters, symbolism and the idea of challenging stereotypes, Russel is able to turn it into an engaging story.

Abraham Lincoln Bio Essay Example for Free

Abraham capital of Nebraska Bio EssaySince his death in 1865, Abraham capital of Nebraska has been immortalized as one of, if not the sterling(prenominal) hero in American history due to his role in ending the Civil struggle and abolishing thraldom. He led our country through its darkest days and was able to prevent the south from successfully seceding and preserving the fall in States. Throughout history party digest been called heroes, some deservedly and others not. capital of Nebraskas recognition as a hero is valid beca physical exercise of his many achievements and his leadership style. Lincoln was born in February 1809, in Kentucky. His previous(predicate) life was difficult, losing his mother to illness at 9 years old. The family was poor and Lincoln needed to take a shit to help support them. As a resoluteness, he had very little formal education, hardly it was this fractious work and humble beginnings that ignited the spark in Lincoln to learn. When he was a young man the family moved to Illinois and it was there that Lincoln learned the law and became interested in local politics. In 1834 he was elected to the Illinois State Legislature.He taught himself the law, was admitted to the Bar in 1836 and likewise began a career as a successful lawyer. Between 1847 and 1849 he served one term in the U.S. abode of Representatives. As a result of the increased opposition to slavery, the Republican Party was born and Lincoln joined the party in 1856. It was his anti-slavery views and the move passing of laws to protect slavery that further sparked his interest in politics. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate but vex soilal exposure from the race due to his unique communication and debating techniques. It was this exposure that found him as a candidate for professorship in 1860. He was elected the 16th President of the United States and the first President from the Republican Party. Because of his well- cognise views on slavery, thes ecessionists began their plans to split from the Union prior to his taking office. The Civil Was began in April of 1861 with the round out on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Almost immediately in his role as President, Lincoln was faced with the most challenging situation of any President prior to him. His decision-making and communication skills, though unpopular at times, would be a vital part of his success over the next several years. Lincoln possessed strong social intelligence skills. He was sensitive to other peoples feelings and moods, and he was particularly adept at reading people. Lincoln had a considerable ability in pinch the motivations of others, and was skillful at getting others to cooperate with him. He knew to be pleasant and approachable while also being fierce when fighting for causes he believed in. One tool that Lincoln would use was storytelling. He would use stories from his past which would put people at ease while at the same time relaying his point in a clear way. Another method he would use was to ask questions to get his rivals to jut things his way. His communication style and speeches were simple and logical.Abraham Lincolns most famous speech was the Gettysburg Address presumption in 1863 at the dedication of the National Cemetery after the battle at Gettysburg. The speech terminal just over two minutes and was an example of how Lincoln tacit his audience. There had been much pomposity and Circumstance throughout the ceremony and many long speeches prior to his. The words he chose were short and to the point, but were full of inspiration and emotion. The speech focused on the principles of the founding fathers of our nation and the words from the Declaration of emancipation that all men are created equal and that all men have the unalienable rights to the pursuit of life, self-reliance and happiness. One of the main things Lincoln wanted to accomplish with this speech, was to rally support for the 13th Amendment, which would abolish slavery and was in jeopardy of failing to pass in Congress.Lincoln again used his influence as a communicator to get the 13th Amendment passed. He would spend hours with his political rivals building relationships. It was important that he understood their perspectives on the issues and would give them the opportunity to express their views and needs. His approach was thoughtful and personal. This bill was met with much opposition and it took great skill and tenacity on Lincolns part to insure its passage. Many Presidents since Lincoln have also faced challenges when trying to passlegislature, among them our current President Barack Obama.Whether or not you are a supporter of our current President aside, some similarities can be seen between the two. As was the case with Lincoln, Obama is known for his listening skills, and taking in ideas from all sides. He is a skilled orator and there is a strong sense of morality in his tone when speaking. There are many references to President Lincoln in Obamas speeches which show the influence the former President has on him. Abraham Lincoln led our nation through one of its most turbulent times. He used his communication skills and understanding of people to get hold success. His ability to talk to people and understand what they stood for while moving them to see things his way led him to be regarded as one of our greatest Presidents.ReferencesA-E Networks. Abraham lincoln biography Web log message. Retrieved from http//www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540Abraham and Mary Lincoln A House Divided PBS. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lincolns/player/Hubbard, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.historynet.com/abraham-lincolnCommunicate like Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved fromhttp//www.communitelligence.com/blps/article.cfm?weblogThe Connections Between President Barack Obama and President Abraham Lincoln (n.d.)Retrieved from http//www.reobama.com/ObamaLincoln. htmHouse passes the 13th Amendment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/house-passes-the-13th-amendment

Foundations of Behavior Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Behavior EssayThe field of psychology is expanding and credit is callable to the numerous investigate studies being conducted. These research studies utilize different modes and each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, five favourite research methods will be compargond based on their characteristics, objectives, strengths and weaknesses, research techniques, hardihood, and reliability. These research methods are case study, representational observation, bearvass research, correlational research, and the experimental method.The case study is a focused study on a person or a specific group or a particular situation. Its research cast involves five components, which are the study questions, the propositions, the units of analysis, the logic linking the data to the propositions, and the criteria for interpreting the findings (Tellis, 1997). Case studies grant varying purposes. roughly case studies are conducted to either confirm or challenge an existing theory, while otherwises are carried break to describe either a special or an extreme case.A case study obtains entropy from documents (letters and newspapers), archival records (service records, survey data), interviews, direct observation (done when field visits are needed), participant-observation, and physical artifacts (instruments and tools). mavin of the most effected techniques in case studies is called pattern-matching, in which the data is linked to propositions. The reliability of case studies is relatively high, especially when protocols are established. However, validity, especially construct validity, sometimes becomes questionable because the researcher might be subjective in his decisions and interpretations.This buttocks be minimized by utilizing multiple sources, by setting up a chain of evidence, and by asking major(ip) informants to review a draft of the case study. The common criticism against case studies is that its results can not be used to arrive at generalizations. But the greatest strength of case studies is that it can present an in-depth and holistic knowledge about a particular situation, group, or person. The naturalistic observation is unique from all other types of observation in that the researcher does not hinder, interrupt or influence the environment being studied.One of the vital things to consider in conducting naturalistic observation is to record as much detail as possible, which includes smell, sound, taste, time, place, number of participants, and feelings. This is why journals and a variety of writing materials are utilized. But the use of any arrangement device, such as video cameras, is not allowed because it violates the privacy of the observed individual. The reliability of this research method relies on the accuracy of observation. One technique of increasing reliability is to have some(prenominal) observers (Hesse, 2003).The greatest advantage of naturalistic observation is th at it is considerably less expensive than other methods. But, the subjects being studied may act differently because of their awareness of the presence of the observer. This will significantly reduce the validity of the results (Piercy, 2007). The survey research is characterized by its major means of collecting information. The researcher usually goes out and asks questions. The questions can be oral or in written form. And the respondents can be chosen in many ways. Some respondents are chosen at random while others must possess certain characteristics.For example, if a survey research is about master(a) teachers, then a high school teacher will not be asked to answer the questionnaire. The techniques involved in survey research lie in the analysis of the collected data. The reliability and validity of survey research are affected by several genes, such as the quality of the sets of questions or the questionnaire, the sum up of data collected, and the accuracy in using measur es of central tendencies and variability. Ideally, the questionnaire must be standardized. Greater reliability and validity is achieved if the sample represents a greater part of the total population.One advantage of the survey method is that it is relatively cheap and easy. Unfortunately, it is also subject to human error and biases (Government of Saskatchewan, 2002). The correlational research is essentially the discovery of a kin between two variables. Unlike the previously described methods, correlational research is quantitative in nature. The different techniques used in a correlational research are regression and prediction, multiple regression, factor analysis, and systems analysis (Davis, 2004). The greatest advantage of using this method is that its results can be used to formulate predictions and generalizations.This is due to the nature of the research techniques. But the greatest danger of this method is to over-generalize. It must be remembered that an established rel ationship between two variables does not mean a cause-effect relationship between them. If a researcher wanted to establish a cause-effect relationship, then the research method to use is the experimental method. Similar to the correlational research, it is have-to doe with with variables, which can be either independent or dependent variables. The independent variables are usually manipulated so that there will be two groups being studied, the experimental group and the control group.These two groups have the same characteristics except for that one variable which is being tested. The difference between these two groups can be found in the dependent variable. The reliability of this method is increased by conducting the same experiment for several times. Its validity lies in the accuracy of the procedures and the careful handling and analysis of results. The greatest advantage of the experimental method is that it can present an explanation to a certain phenomenon. But it takes g reat skill and experience on the part of the researcher in order to conduct a good research experiment.One puzzle of experimental method is the issue of ethics in conducting experiments using human subjects. Any of these research methods can be utilized to examine an issue or phenomenon in psychology. The basis of choice usually depends on the goal of the research. The task of the researcher is to maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages of the chosen method.BibliographyDavis, J. (2004). Correlational research methods. Retrieved October 12, 2007 at http//clem. mscd. edu/davisj/prm2/correl1. hypertext mark-up language Government of Saskatchewan. (2002). Psychology 20 Social Psychology A Curriculum Guide for the Secondary Level.Retrieved October 12, 2007 at http//www. sasked. gov. sk. ca/docs/social/psych20/support_materials/faqnaturalistic_observation. htm Hesse, B. E. (2003). Issues in naturalistic observation. Retrieved October 12, 2007 at http//psyc. csustan. edu/b hesse/psy2020/Lectures/Fall03/p2020U2L5. pdf Piercy, J. (2007). Research methods. Retrieved October 12, 2007 at http//courses. cvcc. vccs. edu/Psychology_Piercy/research_methods1. htm Tellis, W. (1997). Introduction to case study. The qualitative Report. 3(2). Retrieved October 12, 2007 at http//www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1. html

Live in the Present with Memories of the Past Essay Example for Free

pull round in the Present with Memories of the Past EssayHuman Society is a long period of mental synthesis and developing. From the time man lived in dank caves to nowadays when he lives in such a redbrick life with a lot of excellent facilities. The modern life, the excellent facilities was not a present from god. It was do by peck of all generations who al courses learned from the past and developed everything they had learned from it. Thus, I wholly disagree with the statement above that tuition about the past has no value. The first reason for this is that acquire about the past brings us all the knowledge and information in the past.Without yesterday, on that point is no today. A society can develop only when its people inherit and understand the achievements of the precursors because the precursors achievements were the foundation for everything to develop.. For example, before 1964 there was only black-and-white television but until now there are kinds of colour televisions that are contract and innovative such as LCD TV The black-and-white television made the basis and gave inventors humor to develop the modern TV nowadays.Consequently our knowledge, success today is the result of constant work of our ancestors before. Secondly, learning about the past is very essential because it makes us doubt and take consideration into earlier assumptions. For that reason, people will find out mistakes that were made in the past. This will show us which roads not to ever go down again and put human in a right way to develop. Learning about the past is not only learning about the history but in any case is learning from our and the others mistakes.By this way of learning, people will become more and more experienced and neer make the same mistakes again. Additionally, if learning about the past has no value, people in the world could speak, could keep open by themselves without learning from anyone. This is impossible so the value of the past, in this case are the parents, are undeniable. In a nutshell, the past is always a good teacher and we are still bad students who entreat for knowledge. Denying the past also means that we are destroying the present and our future because no one can move through without ground to stand on.

Comparison and Contrast of The Hobbit Novel and The Hobbit Films Essay Example for Free

Comparison and Contrast of The Hobbit Novel and The Hobbit Films EssayThe Hobbit An unexpected journeying and The Hobbit The desolation of Smaug had a great director Peter Jackson to keep every original notion that J. R. R. Tolkien would have in mind if he was the one to direct these movies. They kept that its not only to the highest degree getting Dwarves their homeland patronize, but the development of a quiet, stay at home and stay proficient Hobbit. Most of the characters were well interpreted into the movie like Thorins greed for the Arkenstone, how that is his childhood and the kingdom was balanced on the Arkenstones power. The films kept the same feeling that one would get from reading the unexampled. A Hobbit on his adventure, there and back again. Though they kept the same feeling, scenes and characters occurred even though they were never included in the novel. Tauriel was a she-elf that created a love triangle between Kili and Legolas. In the book, Kili goes with the other dwarves, entering Smaugs lair. In the film, he gets a injure in the leg by an arrow that becomes infected and hes forced to stay in Laketown with Bard and the others, and Tauriel and Fili his brother.Their deaths provide become different from the original story. Also the size of Smaug became enormous compared to the book and J. R. R. Tolkien had his own artwork of the overstrung size of this dragon and the amount of gold he settled in. The treasure and how much dragon remained downstairs the mountain was blown off the scale. These differences hardly impact the plot, but those are some differences between The Hobbit novel and The Hobbit movies.

Adn vs. Bsn Essay Example for Free

Adn vs. Bsn EssayThe nursing business continues to argue whether a nurse who holds a BSN is desirable to the Associates-Degree- alert nurse. This has been a topic of debate since 1965, when the American Nurses Association published an opinion paper advocating for the baccalaureate degree to be the minimal standard for entry-level nurses. While some say that the level of education isnt relevant at a time you orient a nurse to a certain setting, others disagree and assert that the baccalaureate degree prepared nurses demonstrate higher levels of skill in communication, delegation, assessment, teaching and supervision. Most agree, however, that each degree program leave behinds a different level of preparation and competencies for the graduating nurse. The focus of ADN programs has been to prepare the nurse with considerable clinical experience and skillful nursing skills needed to provide patient allot at the bedside, while the BSN program concentrates on evidence-based practi ce, research, leadership skills and communication. An additional difference is the target client. Associate-degree graduates are prepared to meet the needs of the patient. The baccalaureate graduates scope is widened to include the family and interdisciplinary groups.According to a study done in 1988 by the Texas higher(prenominal) Education Coordinating Board, nursing competencies across the spectrum of nursing education, varied in multiplexity, depth, and breadth. (Poster, 2006) Entry-level competencies were evaluated on three categories supplier of care, coordinator of care, and member of a profession. There was virtually no difference noned in the provider of care category other than the use of an evidence-based analytical approach by the baccalaureate-prepared nurse, as opposed to a little thinking approach to decision making by the associate-degree-prepared nurse.In the category of coordinator of care, the major contrast was amid how the advanced-degree-prepared the nurs e to act as more of a facilitator of care between multiple factions of the healthcare team. As a member of a profession, the BSN nurse acted as a leader rather than in the player role of the ADN nurse. Where the major differences occurred was in the knowledge required for achievement of competency. (Poster, 2006) The diploma prepared nurse bases her intend of care on the nursing diagnosis.The advanced-degree nurses basis for developing the plan of care uses evidence-based and theoretic analysis of available data. (Poster, 2006) An example of this difference might be in the care of patient who has a chronic condition, such as congestive heart failure. This patient undoubtedly is seen multiple times in the course of a year for symptoms pertaining to his health condition. Nurse A, with the associates degree, does a good melodic phrase of taking care of the patient. She sees to it that he gets all of his medications in a timely fashion, and that he completes all of his schedule tests that his basic needs are met.Her plan of care would include all of the interventions to reflect such care. She would calculate him daily, make sure his meals followed the proper diet, and etc. Nurse B, with the BSN, to a fault provides the afore-mentioned care. However, in addition, she may look at why this patient has frequently been admitted to her floor. She would perhaps investigate whether the same symptoms precipitated his decline and question the patient as to whether he is weighing himself daily, what types of food he is eating at home, and whether he has been taking his medications on a routine basis.She might find that he doesnt feed a scale at home, does not have access to his medications all of the time, or is simply non-compliant. Her plan of care may include a social worker and case management are more involved in his discharge preparation to insure that the patient has the equipment and resources required to manage is illness at home. Nurse B might also collaborate with the patient to develop a plan he can agree to follow and provide a list of community resources that are available. Both Nurse A and Nurse B have seen to it that the patient got what he needed during his hospital visit. The healthcare industry is changing rapidly.The life expectancy of the mean(a) patient has extended due to the increase in technological advances and life-saving measures and requires that professional nurses have the ability to mange these complex patients. The baccalaureate-degree program provides an opportunity to build on the communication, problem-solving and decision-making skills taught in the ADN program to facilitate better patient care. Whether it be a an associate-degree-prepared nurse or one holding an advanced degree, one thing I am sure we can all agree upon is that better educated nurses will better serve the profession as a whole.

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

japanese Industrialization and economical ripening Essayjapan achieved preserve product in per capita income in the midst of the 1880s and 1970 by means of industrialization. Moving along an income proceeds trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed western Europe, Canada, Australia and the coupled States all attained high directs of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based product to manufacturing and technological systemally sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there ar four distinctive features of lacquers schooling through industrialization that merit discussionThe proto-industrial baseJapans hoidenish productiveness was high enough to prevent substantial craft (proto-industrial) production in both plain and urban areas of the region prior to industrialization. Investment-led ontogenyDomestic investment in industry and substructure was the unprompted gouge behind growth in Japanese create. Both occult and commonplace sectors invested in foundation, matter and local g overnments serving as coordinate agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing readiness was largely left to the private sector. * Rising home(prenominal) nest egg made increasing upper- cutting letter accumulation possible. * Japanese growth was investment-led, non export-led.Total factor productiveness growth achieving more output per unit of measurement of commentary was rapid. On the supply side, ingrained factor productivity growth was extremely aftermathant. Scale economies the reduction in per unit costs due to change magnitude aims of output contributed to total factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographic concentration, to growth of the national economy, and to growth in the output of individual companies. In addition, companies moved down the tuition curve, decrease unit costs as their cumulative output rose and have for their product soared. T he amicable capacity for trade and adapting inappropriate engineering improved and this contributed to total factor productivity growth * At the household level, investing in grooming of children improved social content.* At the firm level, creating internalized fight markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a heavy incentive to flexibly adapt to sweet engineering, improved social capability. * At the government level, industrial constitution that reduced the cost to private firms of securing foreign technology enhanced social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity earth into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and construction contributed to total factor productivity growth.DualismSharply segmented labor and enceinte markets emerged in Japan after the 1910s. The bang-up intensive sector enjoying high ratios of capital to labor gainful sexual relationly high earnings, and the labor intensive sector paid relatively lo w wages. Dualism contributed to income inequality and because to domestic social unrest. After 1945 a series of public policy reforms addressed inequality and erased much(prenominal) of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged Japan prior to World War II. The remainder of this condition will expand on a number of the themes mentioned above. The app oddmentix reviews denary evidence concerning these points. The conclusion of the condition lists references that provide a wealth of detailed evidence admiting the points above, which this article dejection only pay off to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial Economy Achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868)Why Japan?Given the relatively poor inscribe of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth Japan managed between 1880 and 1970 the hesitation naturally arises why Japan? After all, when the united States forcibly opened Japan in the 1850s and Japan wa s forced to cede extra-territorial rights to a number of Western nations as had China earlier in the 1840s, many another(prenominal) Westerners and Japanese alike thought Japans prospects seemed dim indeed.Tokugawa achievements urbanization, road networks, sieve cultivation, craft production In answer this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) emphasize the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long period of blind drunkd country autarky between the mid-seventeenth speed of light and the 1850s a high level of urbanization well substantial road networks the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the enormous elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and encouraged the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and lay methods curiously in the Southwest with its relatively long growing season the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the majo r cities like Osaka and Edo (now called Tokyo) and its spreading to clownish areas after 1700 and the promotion of fosterage and population ascertain among both the force elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantry in the eighteenth and early(a) 19th centuries. Tokugawa political economy daimyo and shogunThese developments were intrinsic from the political economy of Japan. The system of alinement government introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain powers in the men of feudal warlords, daimyo, and certain powers in the hands of the shogun, the near powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was assigned a geographic region, a domain, being assumption revenue authority over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with other countries in an sweat to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retain ers of thedaimyo were forced to abandon rice farming and reside in the palace town headquarters of their daimyo overlord.In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were largely made a thing of the past. As a entrust irrigation ditches were all-embracing throughout the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its far-flung diffusion to villages after 1700 was as well as inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these domestic sources of Japans future industrial success.Read iness to emulate the WestAs a result of these domestic advances, Japan was well positioned to take up the Western challenge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the task of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in energy production, first and foremost enlist inorganic energy sources like coal and the other fossil fuels to pay off go power. Having intensively developed the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Japanese were quite prepared to archetype inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Ameri stands forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky.From Balanced to Dualistic Growth, 1887-1938 floor and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku KyoheiAfter the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government connected to the twin policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastructure that facilitated industrialization. It built a modern navy and armament that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually formed the basis for a burgeoning Japanese empire in Asia and the Pacific. rudimentary government reforms in pedagogy, finance and transportation Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leaders of the new Meiji government fashioned a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo.The freshly minted Ministry of cultivation promoted compulsory primary schooling for the masses and elite university tuition aimed at deepening engineering and scientific knowledge. The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system digested up a lender of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk ocellus girding the four major is let downs, encouraging private companies to participate in the project. In particular, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could confine deep-hulled steamships. Not surprisingly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investing heavily in integrated spinning and weaving steam- thrustingn textile mills during the 1880s.Diffusion of trounce-practice husbandryAt the same time, the abolition of the three hundred or so feudal fiefs that were the backbone of confederation style-Tokugawa find out and their consolidation into politically weak prefectures, at a lower place a strong national government that close to monopol ized taxation authority, gave a strong crowd to the diffusion of best practice agricultural technique. The nationwide diffusion of seed varieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial melioration in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture exploitation traditional Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted.Balanced growthGrowth at the close of the 19th century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at some equal rates, and labor especially young girls recruited out of farm households to labor in the steam using textile mills flowed back and forth between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits.Geographic economies of case in the Tokaido belted ammunition submerging of industrial production first in Osaka and subsequently throughout th e Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic outgo economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output levels increase), reducing the costs of securing energy, raw materials and approach path to global markets for enterprises located in the great harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex northward to the complete Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. Between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two huge hydroelectric power grids during the 1920s one help Tokyo/Yokohama, the other Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in milling machinery production. Finally, the siding and paving during the 1920s of roads that could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the great metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relat ive advantage in per capita infrastructure.Organizational economies of scale zaibatsuIn addition to geographic scale economies, organizational scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The formation of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which gradually evolved into diversified industrial combines secure in concert through central holding companies, is a case in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into extremely diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, iron and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling sugar from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, shell out and manufacturing, drastically reducing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibats u format economized on merciful resources.ElectrificationThe push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing. telling exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for showcase throughout a factory. Small enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up independently of one another. mechanisation spread rapidly to the smallest factory.Emergence of the dualistic economyWith the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the demand for masterful labor that would flexibly respond to rapid changes in technique soared. Large firms in these industries began offering exchange premium wages and guarantees of employment in good times and bad as a way of do and holding onto valu able workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages. Large enterprises in the heavy industries offered much more favorable remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like party housing and company welfare programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far high in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland.Clashing urban/rural and landlord/ live interestsThe economical strains of emerging dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had exhaustively reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best practice Tokugawa rice cultivation. filthlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the stolon of the twentieth century who had played a crucial role in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now lost interest in rural affairs and turned their attention to industrial activities.Tenants also found their interests disregarded by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly focused on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production within the empire that it was collection through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea nether its imperial rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war against Russia in 1904-05. Tenant unions reacted to this callous disrespect of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and continued to plague Japan politically throughout the 1930s, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords.Japans military e xpansionJapans thrust to imperial expansion was inflamed by the growing asymmetry of the geopolitical and external mess regime of the later 1920s and early 1930s. The relative decline of the United commonwealth as an economic power doomed a gold standard regime tied to the British pound. The United States was becoming a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the supporter of a gold standard regime but its long history of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from taking over leadership in promoting global divvy up openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the liberal democracy championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this international backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the predominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom in the Asian and Pacific theaters after the world slipped into global warfare in 1939.Reform and reconstruction in a New world-wide Economic Order, Japan after World War II Postwar occupation economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a variety of Occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan.The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company extermination Commission set up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied together through cross- handleholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation) land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the Peace Preservation Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar period, was given the imprimatur of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partly through making middle school compulsory, partly through the substructure of national universities in each of Japans forty-six prefectures.Improvement in the social capability for economic growthIn short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. Resolving tension between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes comparable to blue collar industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to absorb foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterl and Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years.Japan and the postwar international orderThe revamped international economic order contributed to the social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predic instrument panel bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an interior designer of multilateral architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International fiscal Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the predecessor to the World Trade Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral security treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese c ompanies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade away from the areas that had been incorporated into the Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge and expanding American market.Miracle Growth Soaring Domestic Investment and Export Growth, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle Growth between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). Especially striking in the Miracle Growth period was the uncommon increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment resemblance being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed b y Horioka (1991). While Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the early 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese manufacturing enterprises had by and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long convergence to international combat through industrialization by the early 1970s.MITIThere is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breaking up the zaibatsu had a compulsory impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove dow n the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, playing off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology.And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the fifties and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of entry into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their technological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese fest ering State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent scholars. The have by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the incorporation of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely restricted to white collar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology.Internalizing labor created a highly flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality Control circles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the concepts of just-in-time and quality control were originally d eveloped in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by ability experts like W. Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these concepts were relentlessly pursued to revolutionize assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s.Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracleMiracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the importation and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to realize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful harvest whose seeds were painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical accounting, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has realized its industrial destiny.Appendix Sources of Growth news report and Quantitative Aspects of Japans Modern Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probing of Japans long-run growth from relative want to abundance is possible.The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the reader to the vast literature on quantitative compend of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decad e period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the reader will see, this discussion confirms the enormousness of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs combined (total factor productivity) along the following lines G(Y) = a G(K) + 1-a G(L) + G (A)where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard approach used to approximate the sources of growth of inc ome. using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for geomorphological change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era.Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total growth). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise numerical results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the qualit y of factor inputs wellness and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in production due to technological and organizational change, reallocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible.Notes a Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. b Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) plus construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communications and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. c The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imports to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.).The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiw an, Manchuria, etc.) the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. d The Human Development Index is a composite varying formed by adding together indices for educational attainment, for health (using life expectancy that is inversely related to the level of the infant mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). e Electrical generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television subscribers. The figure n.a. = not available. Sources The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan Statistical friendship (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979).Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the relat ionship of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet another points to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser significance of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electrical energy generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several move of hedge 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in Panels A and B of the table is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the mos t vigorous.Equally noteworthy of the spurts of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of gross domestic fixed capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind aggregate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production soared. Capital formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure supporting manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth.Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation w ere associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts were also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more good allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and public/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by p rivate factories.Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), financial (banking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth speculation like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because health was enhanced and educational attainment increased that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in glove with improvements in kno wledge and that the social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associated with infrastructure investment.ReferencesDenison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias Next Giant How the Japanese Economy Works, alter by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. 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