Environmental Impact Of Transportation In London Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Impact Of witchation In capital of the United Kingdom Environmental Sciences EssayClimate change is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the study environmental threats faced by the earth for umteen course of studys. These could ca aim by many different activities practiced by human such as defo easeation, fire of fossil fuels and dumping chemical into the water. However, at that place is another major work out that could harm the environment which is unremarkably been neglected by lot. In cities, overload of directation arrangingation could be one of the virtually signifi apprizet reasons cavictimization diverse environmental issues. Heavy handicraft not provided affects people mentally but also physically. This issues had come to an extend where it affects humans wellness and earthly concern assistance significantly. The macrocosm lay down no choice but to raise their sensation on this issue.The evolution of reassign in capital of the United Kingd om started decades ago. TfL (2010) stated that in year 1933, when capital of the United Kingdoms public transport was united by the capital of the United Kingdom passenger Transport Board (LPTB), bus services had leading area reportage compare to other public transport. This clearly showed that buses were widely used at that time. However, due to the different developments in capital of the United Kingdoms public transport such as London tubing, London Tramlink, London Rail and taxis, certain(p) public transport had compel equally essential to citizens in London. For example, TfL (2010) stated that London Underground to twenty-four hour period, made 3 million passenger journeys every day linking 275 stations. It is everto a greater extent good to see such changes in Londons transport which directly explained the proficiency of the city in the past decades. Nevertheless, these had also increased the negatives nub on environment cause by transport.According to Banister and Bu rton (2003), previously, people were but concerns about loud reverberates caused by transport and the never-ending in expanding the landscape painting for heavy traffic. Their concerns had now expanded into environmental issues such as ball-shaped warming and o partition off layer depletion which has gain awareness from all related organisations. The UK disposal had realized the seriousness of this issue and had introduced several solutions assay to reduce the traffic passage into London or encourage people to use public transport, preferably offer and cycle. This report volition include various principal(prenominal) issues for this topic such as the negative effect caused by the highroad traffic in London and what had been done by UK administration in pasture to minimize the impact of road traffic to the environment.Vehicle pollutants event a dominant role in cavictimization the increase of childs play pollutions day by day. Pierce (1992) stated that the transporta tion produce most of the poisonous gunman existing in the worlds air. Although people are aware of this environment issue, this does not prevent them from teara counselling(a) their cloistered fomites into London. The Lancet (2009) warned that the grease-gun runs from transport are still rising each year and had estimated that there entrust be an 80% increase on bad hit man emission from the year 2007 to 2030.According to European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2001), these vehicle pollutants consist of hazardous gas such as particulate matter proposition (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NO), Lead, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and chlorofluoro nose candys (CFCs). Those hazardous gas released brings wellness problems to people from all ages which has caused relevant organisations such as government, environmentalist and health related organisations to concord look into this issue seriously. A review by Krzyzanowski, Dibbert and Schneider (2005) stati ng that hazardous air produce by transport could increased the run intos of acquiring asthma for children and brought death due to the malfunction of our cardio for adults.Transport not whole caused air pollutions, it can also lead to serious hindrance pollutions in London. In urban cities such as London, transport is the major sources for ruffle pollution. Hensher and Button (2003) pointed out that one could get touch by hinderance pollution directly from transport and also through vibration caused by heavy vehicles and trains. Sperling (2004) stated that noise produced by transport not only brings severe annoyance but also affect humans health. A study in UK and Germany by Schade (2003) report that an ikon to transport noise above 70 dB(A) levels volition increase the risk of getting myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) by 30% compare to those above 65dB(A).The productivity of people at work and daily vitality will be greatly affected by constant exposure to transport n oise. People who live by the highways or railways, cannot sleep well during the night. People without a good rest at home cannot focus well while undertaking various activities in their daily life. As a result, many problems such as mistakes at work and traffic accidents will arise due to the ineffectualness of human.Although these transportations contribute to various pollutions, climate change is believed to be one of the major negative effects cause by transports pollutant. Hardy (2003) clarified that atomic number 7 oxides, ampere-second dioxides and ozone influenced the climate the most. These gases are specified as greenhouse gases where it will affect the temperature of the earth. Gliiespie (2005) stated that the change of the atmosphere thermal structure forthwith relates to global warming. This could lead to the destruction of the ozone layer where it increased humans exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B). A long-term exposure to UV-B will have an effect on humans health by having certain infectious diseases, splutter cancer and eyes problems (Goettsch, 1994).A research carried out under London Climate Change Partnership 04/05 reported the influenced caused by transport in London. Arkell and Darch (2006) explained that different scenarios happened because of climate change. London will encounter warm winters, furious and dry summer, more rainfalls, rise of sea level and flooding in low area. In year 2050s, Londons average temperature is estimated to increase for at to the lowest degree 1 Celsius (Arkell and Darch, 2006). These are all caused by the constant released of hazardous gas by transport in London where 66% of particulate affaire and 42% of nitrogen oxides are from road transport (Mayor of London, 2009).In ill will of this, it is not impossible for the public to work together in enact to prevent transport pollutions get into an even more severe stage. there are few methods that had been brought out by the UK government in alig n to change the electric current situation caused by transport pollutants in London. unity could tell the biggest difference in air pollutions after this had been carried out is the adit of congestion bash in central London.Beevers and Carslaw(2004) reports that after the introduction of London congestion charging scheme (CCS) in February 2003, it has noticeably reduced the traffic going into London. The changes of vehicle numbers have a direct impact with the gas emission levels in London. Transport pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter are believed to have reduced at a ploughshare of about 12% each (Litman, 2004).This could be say as a substantial decrease to London. People hadbegun to take public transport more often or even cycle to work after the charge. This had tremendously affected the environmental conditions.Apart from those above, the public has to break environmental taxes for owning a vehicle. Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) (2009) stated that vehicles owner not only has to pay fuel tax, they have to pay Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) which is paid annually depending on the type of vehicle you own. Apparently, more polluting cars will have to pay more whereas less polluting cars will have a chance to be exempted. In order to differentiate the levels of polluting cars is by measuring the emissions of carbon dioxide from each car.Other than that, the increase of parking fee in London will cause vehicle owners to work out twice onward driving into London. In certain areas of London, parking fee was charged according to the emission of carbon dioxide by the vehicle. UK government had also tried to provide less parking spaces in London so that drivers will get foreclose while looking for a parking and choose to take public transport where they will not have to face all these problems. (Transport charge et al., 2009)Greater London Authority (2002) stated that The Mayors Transport Strategy and Transport for Londons (TfLs) Business intent consists of a range of steps needed to be considered in the future. Public transport such as bus system has to be cleansed intensively by reducing the travel time, increase the regularity of buses, introduce more bus route and utilise low-emission carbon dioxide buses. It is crucial to improve the conditions of the cyclists and pedestrians as well to ensure that their safety can be insured. Other than bus services, UK government are everlastingly up(a) the London Underground services from time to time in order to provide a better services to the public (Sodhi and Norris, 2004).The implementation of crossrail is say to be beneficial to the public in London. There will be an addition rail access in London which helps to reduce private vehicle getting into London. It gives the public extra choices on public transport and crossrail might cover areas that had not been well-covered by existing public transport. entree of a new public transport, crossrail, also helps to achieve the goal of the government in sustaining the environment. (Great Britain Department of Transport, 2007) Moreover, standard of public transport should be hold at a high level to attract people using continuously. Banister (2005) emphasizes that there should be a limitation of mobility in certain areas of a city. Non-polluting transport such as electric vehicles that use renewable energy sources will only be allowed in that particular zone whereas the others will be outside that area.The launching of London Oyster computer menu in August 2003 does help in encouraging the public to take public transport more. Oyster card is a new way of ticketing which is called the smart-card ticketing (Blythe, 2004). It is easy to be use, time saving and most importantly it is high-speed than any other paper ticketing (Winters, n.d.). The public will not beget any problems travelling by oyster card instead they will think it save them a great deal of time and their commit in wanting to take the public transport obviously will be higher.Hence, several ways and campaign had been introduced by UK government in order to reduce this issue. Woodcock, et al (2009) also notified that it is better to reduce the use of goods and services of transport compare to increase using of lower-emission transport however, it will have a better effect if both are to be practiced together at the same time. According to the Department of Transport (n.d.), the UK government is setting-up a long-term planning for the transportation in London. The UK government is trying to promote various campaigns such as encouraging people to walk and cycle more, share vehicles, travel using public transport, improve current situation on road traffic and manage the network in a better way. UK government not only wish to benefits economically but also environmentally.Furthermore, the introduction of Barclays Cycle Hire scheme had become increasingly famous in London. Barclays Cycle Hire scheme is sai d to be the newest pollution free public transport in London which was stated in the website Mayor of London (2010). It operates 24 hours every day which was located more than hundreds of places in London. Cycling is not only a good exercise which could lead the public to a healthier life but to a better living environment. In England, their aim is to design better and safer cyclists paths to encourage the citizens to treat cycling as their daily transport (Bhopal, 1995).In addition, electric vehicles (EV) which were introduced to the society few years ago had start out attentions from the public in London. The vision of the Mayor regarding Electric Vehicles Delivery Plan is to boost up the usage of EV and name more charge points (Source London, 2010). Electric vehicles run by electric motors are a switching for petrol and diesel. Mayor of London (2009) shows that EVs owner will be ampere-second% free from congestion charges, discounted rate in parking and privilege of using th e bus lanes at certain hours. A research shows that by substitution 100,000 of fuel powered vehicles, Nitrogen oxides could be reduced by 350-400 tonnes per year (Mayor of London, 2009).Lastly but not least, London Hydrogen Partnership was introduced by former London Mayor, Ken Livingstone (Wagner, 2010). This campaign is to encourage the use of enthalpy in vehicles. It is slightly difficult for public transport like buses and taxis which commonly operate long hours per day, to power by electric, but it is possible to use hydrogen. Hydrogen is a fuel that does not bring often noise and release less greenhouse gases to the environment (London Hydrogen Partnership, 2010). By using hydrogen in vehicles fully support the aims in sustaining a corking and green environment.In conclusion, due to the irresponsible of humans daily activities and need of awareness of the current situation caused by over-loading transports, the Earth is getting much more polluted compare to past decades. Unfortunately, some people think that by travelling in their own cars could represent their status in the society or increase their quality of life (Banister, 1997). The public are concerns about the environment by always recycle what they had used at home but they always forget that transport brings a greater impact to the environment. This action could be clearly seen in the process of acquire a new vehicle. Fuel consumption of a vehicle is usually the last few points a buyer will consider or it might totally be neglected throughout the whole buying process (Department for Transport, n.d.).It cannot be denied that travelling by own vehicle is always more comfortable than public transport as one do not have to cram with others in a limited place. However, people should consider the long term effects and their future generations. One could approve the way they are living now but no one can guarantee what is going to happen the next day. Therefore, citizens should aware of this the environmental issues caused by transport in London. It is everyones responsibility to keep the earth a safe and healthy place to live in. Thus, everyone should work together before it comes to a severe stage where no one can do anything to change it. Citizens should work closely with the government in order to build a good living environment. It does not matter if one does it skilful for themselves or for the society as long as it could help to improve the current situation of the environment.